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EITCA Academy

EITCA Academy

The European Information Technologies Certification Institute - EITCI ASBL

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EITCI Institute ASBL

Brussels, European Union

Governing European IT Certification (EITC) framework in support of the IT professionalism and Digital Society

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Questions and answers designated by tag: Data Preprocessing

How can we automate from a linear to a DNN classifier to speed up accuracy?

Saturday, 06 June 2026 by Laercio Teixeira

Transitioning from a linear classifier to a deep neural network (DNN) classifier in machine learning, particularly for applications within the fashion industry using Google Cloud’s machine learning services, requires a systematic and automated approach. This process blends advances in model architecture, computational efficiency, and cloud-based tooling to enhance predictive accuracy and scalability. The following explanation

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Further steps in Machine Learning, Machine learning use case in fashion
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Automation, Data Preprocessing, DNN, Fashion Classification, Google Cloud, Hyperparameter Tuning, Linear Classifier, Machine Learning Pipeline, Model Deployment, Vertex AI

What are the techniques for handling missing data? How do I realize I am missing data? Are there general references on pretraining treatment of data?

Sunday, 10 May 2026 by Francesco Spanò

Handling missing data effectively is a foundational aspect of preparing datasets for machine learning tasks, as the quality and completeness of data directly influence model performance and the validity of predictive outcomes. Missing data can originate from various sources, including equipment malfunctions, human error, data corruption, or intentional omission. Understanding techniques for handling such instances,

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, First steps in Machine Learning, The 7 steps of machine learning
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Cleaning, Data Preprocessing, EDA, Google Cloud, Imputation, Machine Learning, MAR, MCAR, MISSING DATA, MNAR

How do Keras and TensorFlow work together with Pandas and NumPy?

Wednesday, 24 December 2025 by Andrew Eliasz

Keras and TensorFlow, two well-integrated libraries in the machine learning ecosystem, are often used together with Pandas and NumPy, which provide robust tools for data manipulation and numerical computation. Understanding how these libraries interact is critical for those embarking on machine learning projects, especially when using Google Cloud Machine Learning services or similar platforms. Keras

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, First steps in Machine Learning, Plain and simple estimators
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Preparation, Data Preprocessing, Keras, Machine Learning Workflow, Model Training, NumPy, Pandas, Python Libraries, TensorFlow

What specific vulnerabilities does the bag-of-words model present against adversarial attacks or data manipulation, and what practical countermeasures do you recommend implementing?

Wednesday, 03 December 2025 by JOSE ALFONSIN PENA

The bag-of-words (BoW) model is a foundational technique in natural language processing (NLP) that represents text as an unordered collection of words, disregarding grammar, word order, and, typically, word structure. Each document is converted into a vector based on word occurrence, often using either raw counts or term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) values. Despite its

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Expertise in Machine Learning, Natural language processing - bag of words
Tagged under: Adversarial Attacks, Artificial Intelligence, Bag-of-Words, Data Preprocessing, Feature Engineering, NLP, Security, Text Classification

How would you design a data poisoning attack on the Quick, Draw! dataset by inserting invisible or redundant vector strokes that a human would not detect, but that would systematically induce the model to confuse one class with another?

Saturday, 01 November 2025 by JOSE ALFONSIN PENA

Designing a data poisoning attack on the Quick, Draw! dataset, specifically by inserting invisible or redundant vector strokes, requires a multifaceted understanding of how vector-based sketch data is represented, how convolutional and recurrent neural networks process such data, and how imperceptible modifications can manipulate a model’s decision boundaries without alerting human annotators or users. Understanding

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Google tools for Machine Learning, Google Quick Draw - doodle dataset
Tagged under: Adversarial Attacks, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Data Poisoning, Data Preprocessing, Neural Networks

What are the first steps to prepare for using Google Cloud ML tools to detect content changes on websites?

Thursday, 17 July 2025 by Aleksandra Magnuszewska

To effectively use Google Cloud Machine Learning (GCP ML) tools for detecting content changes on websites, one must undertake a series of well-defined preparatory steps. This process integrates principles of machine learning, web data collection, cloud-based architecture, and data engineering. Each step is foundational to ensure that the subsequent application of machine learning models yields

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Introduction, What is machine learning
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Storage, Compliance, Content Change Detection, Data Engineering, Data Preprocessing, Google Cloud, Machine Learning, Project Management, Vertex AI, Web Scraping

Are the algorithms and predictions based on the inputs from the human side?

Sunday, 11 May 2025 by Mohammed Khaled

The relationship between human-provided inputs and machine learning algorithms, particularly in the domain of natural language generation (NLG), is deeply interconnected. This interaction reflects the foundational principles of how machine learning models are trained, evaluated, and deployed, especially within platforms such as Google Cloud Machine Learning. To address the question, it is necessary to distinguish

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Further steps in Machine Learning, Natural language generation
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Annotation, Data Preprocessing, Google Cloud, Human-in-the-Loop, Machine Learning, Model Evaluation, Model Governance, NLG, Prompt Engineering, Supervised Learning

What are the main challenges encountered during the data preprocessing step in machine learning, and how can addressing these challenges improve the effectiveness of a model?

Saturday, 26 April 2025 by Mohammed Khaled

The data preprocessing step in machine learning is a critical phase that significantly impacts the performance and effectiveness of a model. It involves transforming raw data into a clean and usable format, ensuring that the machine learning algorithms can process the data effectively. Addressing the challenges encountered during this step can lead to improved model

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, First steps in Machine Learning, Plain and simple estimators
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Imbalance, Data Integration, Data Preprocessing, Data Quality, Feature Engineering

What is a regression task?

Monday, 14 April 2025 by dstevenart

A regression task in the field of machine learning, particularly within the context of artificial intelligence, involves predicting a continuous output variable based on one or more input variables. This type of task is fundamental to machine learning and is used when the goal is to predict quantities, such as predicting house prices, stock market

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, First steps in Machine Learning, The 7 steps of machine learning
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Preprocessing, Machine Learning, Model Training, Predictive Analytics, Regression

What is the task of interpreting doodles drawn by players in the context of AI?

Sunday, 16 February 2025 by Krystian Ustyjańczuk

Interpreting doodles drawn by players is a fascinating task within the field of artificial intelligence, particularly when utilizing the Google Quick, Draw! dataset. This task involves the application of machine learning techniques to recognize and classify hand-drawn sketches into predefined categories. The Quick, Draw! dataset, a publicly available collection of over 50 million drawings across

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Google tools for Machine Learning, Google Quick Draw - doodle dataset
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Preprocessing, Ethical Considerations, Feature Extraction, Machine Learning, Model Training
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EITCA Academy is a part of the European IT Certification framework

The European IT Certification framework has been established in 2008 as a Europe based and vendor independent standard in widely accessible online certification of digital skills and competencies in many areas of professional digital specializations. The EITC framework is governed by the European IT Certification Institute (EITCI), a non-profit certification authority supporting information society growth and bridging the digital skills gap in the EU.
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