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The European Information Technologies Certification Institute - EITCI ASBL

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EITCI Institute ASBL

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Questions and answers designated by tag: Generalization

Is in-sample accuracy compared to out-of-sample accuracy one of the most important features of model performance?

Monday, 08 September 2025 by Martyna Helman

In-sample accuracy compared to out-of-sample accuracy is a fundamental concept in deep learning, and understanding the distinction between these two metrics is of central importance for building, evaluating, and deploying neural network models using Python and PyTorch. This topic directly relates to the core objective of machine learning and deep learning: to develop models that

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/DLPP Deep Learning with Python and PyTorch, Introduction, Introduction to deep learning with Python and Pytorch
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Generalization, Model Evaluation, Overfitting, PyTorch

Why is the step of evaluating a machine learning model’s performance on a separate test dataset essential, and what might happen if this step is skipped?

Thursday, 24 April 2025 by Mohammed Khaled

In the field of machine learning, evaluating a model's performance on a separate test dataset is a fundamental practice that underpins the reliability and generalizability of predictive models. This step is integral to the model development process for several reasons, each contributing to the robustness and trustworthiness of the model's predictions. Firstly, the primary purpose

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Introduction, What is machine learning
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Generalization, Machine Learning, Model Evaluation, Model Validation, Overfitting

Why does the batch size control the number of examples in the batch in deep learning?

Friday, 09 August 2024 by Tomasz Ciołak

In the realm of deep learning, particularly when employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) within the TensorFlow framework, the concept of batch size is fundamental. The batch size parameter controls the number of training examples utilized in one forward and backward pass during the training process. This parameter is pivotal for several reasons, including computational efficiency,

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/DLTF Deep Learning with TensorFlow, Convolutional neural networks in TensorFlow, Convolutional neural networks basics
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Batch Size, Convergence, Generalization, Gradient Descent, Memory Constraints

Does a proper approach to neural networks require a training dataset and an out-of-sample testing dataset, which have to be fully separated?

Friday, 14 June 2024 by Agnieszka Ulrich

In the realm of deep learning, particularly when employing neural networks, the proper handling of datasets is of paramount importance. The question at hand pertains to whether a proper approach necessitates both a training dataset and an out-of-sample testing dataset, and whether these datasets need to be fully separated. A fundamental principle in machine learning

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/DLPP Deep Learning with Python and PyTorch, Data, Datasets
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Cross-validation, Data Leakage Prevention, Data Separation, Generalization, Hyperparameter Tuning, Machine Learning, Model Evaluation, Model Performance, Neural Networks, PyTorch

How does the integration of deep neural networks enhance the ability of reinforcement learning agents to generalize from observed states to unobserved ones, particularly in complex environments?

Tuesday, 11 June 2024 by EITCA Academy

The integration of deep neural networks (DNNs) into reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks has significantly advanced the capability of RL agents to generalize from observed states to unobserved ones, especially in complex environments. This synergy, often referred to as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), leverages the representation power of DNNs to address the challenges posed by high-dimensional

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/ARL Advanced Reinforcement Learning, Deep reinforcement learning, Planning and models, Examination review
Tagged under: Actor-Critic, Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Generalization, Neural Networks, Q-learning

Is the out-of-sample loss a validation loss?

Thursday, 14 March 2024 by Dimitrios Efstathiou

In the realm of deep learning, particularly in the context of model evaluation and performance assessment, the distinction between out-of-sample loss and validation loss holds paramount significance. Understanding these concepts is important for practitioners aiming to comprehend the efficacy and generalization capabilities of their deep learning models. To consider the intricacies of these terms, it

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/DLPP Deep Learning with Python and PyTorch, Introduction, Introduction to deep learning with Python and Pytorch
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Generalization, Model Evaluation, Python, PyTorch

How to know which algorithm needs more data than the other?

Friday, 24 November 2023 by JFG

In the field of machine learning, the amount of data required by different algorithms can vary depending on their complexity, generalization capabilities, and the nature of the problem being solved. Determining which algorithm needs more data than another can be a important factor in designing an effective machine learning system. Let’s explore various factors that

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Introduction, What is machine learning
Tagged under: Algorithm Complexity, Artificial Intelligence, Data Requirements, Generalization, Machine Learning, Problem Nature

Is the usually recommended data split between training and evaluation close to 80% to 20% correspondingly?

Tuesday, 14 November 2023 by Hema Gunasekaran

The usual split between training and evaluation in machine learning models is not fixed and can vary depending on various factors. However, it is generally recommended to allocate a significant portion of the data for training, typically around 70-80%, and reserve the remaining portion for evaluation, which would be around 20-30%. This split ensures that

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Further steps in Machine Learning, Big data for training models in the cloud
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Data Split, Evaluation, Generalization, Machine Learning, Training

Is it necessary to use other data for training and evaluation of the model?

Monday, 13 November 2023 by Hema Gunasekaran

In the field of machine learning, the use of additional data for training and evaluation of models is indeed necessary. While it is possible to train and evaluate models using a single dataset, the inclusion of other data can greatly enhance the performance and generalization capabilities of the model. This is especially true in the

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, Introduction, What is machine learning
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Concept Drift, Data Augmentation, Data Imbalance, Generalization, Overfitting

Is it correct that if dataset is large one needs less of evaluation, which means that the fraction of the dataset used for evaluation can be decreased with increased size of the dataset?

Saturday, 11 November 2023 by Hema Gunasekaran

In the field of machine learning, the size of the dataset plays a important role in the evaluation process. The relationship between dataset size and evaluation requirements is complex and depends on various factors. However, it is generally true that as the dataset size increases, the fraction of the dataset used for evaluation can be

  • Published in Artificial Intelligence, EITC/AI/GCML Google Cloud Machine Learning, First steps in Machine Learning, Deep neural networks and estimators
Tagged under: Artificial Intelligence, Dataset Size, Evaluation, Generalization, Machine Learning, Overfitting
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EITCA Academy is a part of the European IT Certification framework

The European IT Certification framework has been established in 2008 as a Europe based and vendor independent standard in widely accessible online certification of digital skills and competencies in many areas of professional digital specializations. The EITC framework is governed by the European IT Certification Institute (EITCI), a non-profit certification authority supporting information society growth and bridging the digital skills gap in the EU.

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