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EITCA Academy

EITCA Academy

The European Information Technologies Certification Institute - EITCI ASBL

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EITCI Institute ASBL

Brussels, European Union

Governing European IT Certification (EITC) framework in support of the IT professionalism and Digital Society

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Questions and answers designated by tag: Output Encoding

How can website owners prevent stored HTML injection attacks on their web applications?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

Website owners can take several measures to prevent stored HTML injection attacks on their web applications. HTML injection, also known as cross-site scripting (XSS), is a common web vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious code into a website, which is then executed by unsuspecting users. This can lead to various security risks, such as

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Web attacks practice, bWAPP - HTML injection - stored - blog, Examination review
Tagged under: Content Security Policy, Cross-Site Scripting, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Session Management, Web Security

What is HTML injection and how does it differ from other types of web attacks?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

HTML injection, also known as HTML code injection or client-side code injection, is a web attack technique that allows an attacker to inject malicious HTML code into a vulnerable web application. This type of attack occurs when user-supplied input is not properly validated or sanitized by the application before being included in the HTML response.

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Web attacks practice, bWAPP - HTML injection - reflected POST, Examination review
Tagged under: Client-side Code Injection, Cybersecurity, HTML Injection, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Web Application Security

What is PHP code injection and how does it work in the context of web applications?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

PHP code injection is a type of web application vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject and execute malicious PHP code on a web server. This can lead to unauthorized access, data theft, and even complete compromise of the affected system. Understanding how PHP code injection works is important for web application developers and security

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Web attacks practice, PHP code injection, Examination review
Tagged under: Code Injection, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, PHP, Web Application Security

What is the difference between HTML injection and iframe injection?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

HTML injection and iframe injection are both web application vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers to manipulate the content displayed on a website. While they share some similarities, they differ in terms of their underlying mechanisms and the potential impact they can have on the targeted web application. HTML injection, also known as cross-site

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Web attacks practice, Iframe Injection and HTML injection, Examination review
Tagged under: Clickjacking, Cross-Site Scripting, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Web Application Security

How can cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks be used to steal cookies?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

Cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks can be used to steal cookies by exploiting vulnerabilities in web applications. XSS attacks occur when an attacker injects malicious code into a trusted website, which is then executed by unsuspecting users. These attacks can be classified into three main types: stored XSS, reflected XSS, and DOM-based XSS. Each type can

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Web attacks practice, HTTP Attributes - cookie stealing, Examination review
Tagged under: Cookie Theft, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Web Application Security, XSS Attacks

How can a web developer mitigate XSS vulnerabilities?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

XSS (Cross-site scripting) vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to web applications, as they allow attackers to inject malicious scripts into trusted websites. As a web developer, it is important to understand how to mitigate these vulnerabilities to ensure the security and integrity of your web applications. In this response, we will discuss various techniques and

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Cross-site scripting, XSS - reflected, stored and DOM, Examination review
Tagged under: Content Security Policy, Cookie Security, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Regular Security Updates, Sanitization, Session Management, Whitelisting

How does reflected XSS differ from stored XSS?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

Reflected XSS and stored XSS are both types of cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers to compromise web applications. While they share some similarities, they differ in how the malicious payload is delivered and stored. Reflected XSS, also known as non-persistent or type 1 XSS, occurs when the malicious payload is

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WAPT Web Applications Penetration Testing, Cross-site scripting, XSS - reflected, stored and DOM, Examination review
Tagged under: Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Vulnerability, Web Application Security, XSS

What are trusted types and how do they address DOM-based XSS vulnerabilities in web applications?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

Trusted types are a modern platform feature that addresses DOM-based Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in web applications. DOM-based XSS is a type of vulnerability where an attacker injects malicious code into a web page, which is then executed by the victim's browser. This can lead to various security risks, such as stealing sensitive information, performing

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WASF Web Applications Security Fundamentals, Practical web applications security, Securing web applications with modern platform features, Examination review
Tagged under: Cybersecurity, DOM-based XSS, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Trusted Types, Web Application Security

How does an XSS vulnerability in a web application compromise user data?

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

An XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) vulnerability in a web application can compromise user data by allowing an attacker to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. This type of vulnerability occurs when an application fails to properly validate and sanitize user input, allowing untrusted data to be included in the output of a

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WASF Web Applications Security Fundamentals, Practical web applications security, Securing web applications with modern platform features, Examination review
Tagged under: Cross-Site Scripting, Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Web Application Security, XSS

Describe a real-world example of a browser attack that resulted from an accidental vulnerability.

Saturday, 05 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

A real-world example of a browser attack resulting from an accidental vulnerability can be seen in the case of the "Spectre" vulnerability, which affected modern microprocessors. This vulnerability exploited a design flaw in the architecture of processors, including those found in web browsers, allowing attackers to steal sensitive information from the memory of other processes

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WASF Web Applications Security Fundamentals, Browser attacks, Browser architecture, writing secure code, Examination review
Tagged under: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Cybersecurity, Input Validation, Output Encoding, Secure Coding, Spectre Vulnerability, Speculative Execution Side-channel Attacks, Web Browser Architecture
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EITCA Academy is a part of the European IT Certification framework

The European IT Certification framework has been established in 2008 as a Europe based and vendor independent standard in widely accessible online certification of digital skills and competencies in many areas of professional digital specializations. The EITC framework is governed by the European IT Certification Institute (EITCI), a non-profit certification authority supporting information society growth and bridging the digital skills gap in the EU.

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