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EITCA Academy

EITCA Academy

The European Information Technologies Certification Institute - EITCI ASBL

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EITCI Institute ASBL

Brussels, European Union

Governing European IT Certification (EITC) framework in support of the IT professionalism and Digital Society

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Questions and answers designated by tag: Web Security

Is TLS involved in HTTPS being a secure web protocol which depends on certificates to identify servers?

Monday, 23 March 2026 by Jose Carvalho

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the foundational security protocol underlying HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), which is the standard mechanism for securing web communications. The interplay between TLS and certificates forms the basis for the secure identification and authentication of web servers, the confidentiality of transmitted data, and the integrity of web sessions. A deep

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/ACSS Advanced Computer Systems Security, Network security, Web security model
Tagged under: Certificate Authority, Cybersecurity, HTTPS, TLS, Web Security, X.509 Certificates

How to defend against XSS using HttpOnly cookies?

Monday, 23 March 2026 by Jose Carvalho

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a pervasive web application vulnerability that allows attackers to inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. XSS can be leveraged to steal session cookies, deface web sites, or redirect victims to malicious sites. One effective security measure against certain XSS attack vectors is the use of HttpOnly cookies.

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/ACSS Advanced Computer Systems Security, Network security, Web security model
Tagged under: Browser Security, Cookies, Cybersecurity, HttpOnly, Session Management, Web Application Security, Web Security, XSS

In secure web applications, can I identify clients by cookies?

Sunday, 22 March 2026 by Jose Carvalho

The identification of clients in secure web applications is a central topic in web security and system design. Cookies, as a mechanism for maintaining state and storing client-specific information, are frequently employed for this purpose. However, using cookies for client identification involves a nuanced understanding of their capabilities, limitations, and associated security implications. Cookies as

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/ACSS Advanced Computer Systems Security, Network security, Web security model
Tagged under: Authentication, Cybersecurity, HTTP Cookies, Privacy, Session Management, Web Security

What are the exceptions to SOP?

Sunday, 22 March 2026 by Jose Carvalho

The Same-Origin Policy (SOP) is a fundamental security concept implemented in web browsers to isolate documents and scripts loaded from different origins. Its primary purpose is to prevent malicious scripts on one page from obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page through the browser, thus mitigating threats such as cross-site scripting (XSS) and

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/ACSS Advanced Computer Systems Security, Network security, Web security model
Tagged under: Browser Security, CORS, CSP, CSRF, Cybersecurity, IFrame, JavaScript, SOP, Web Security, WebSockets, XSS

What steps should be taken to ensure that the staging domain is not indexed by search engines when publishing the site?

Monday, 19 August 2024 by EITCA Academy

To ensure that a staging domain is not indexed by search engines when publishing a site, it is imperative to implement several best practices and technical measures. These steps will help maintain the confidentiality and integrity of the staging environment, ensuring that it remains a private space for development and testing before the final site

  • Published in Web Development, EITC/WD/WFCE Webflow CMS and eCommerce, Site launching, Connecting a custom domain, Examination review
Tagged under: Google Search Console, HTML Meta Tags, HTTP Headers, Robots.txt, SEO, Web Crawlers, Web Development, Web Security

What are the initial steps to take when connecting a custom domain if the domain registrar is Google Domains?

Monday, 19 August 2024 by EITCA Academy

When connecting a custom domain to your Webflow site and your domain registrar is Google Domains, the initial steps are important to ensure a seamless integration. This process involves configuring DNS settings and ensuring that your domain correctly points to Webflow's servers. Here is a detailed and comprehensive explanation of the steps involved: 1. Access

  • Published in Web Development, EITC/WD/WFCE Webflow CMS and eCommerce, Site launching, Connecting a custom domain, Examination review
Tagged under: A Records, CNAME, Custom Domain, DNS, Google Domains, Site Publishing, SSL, Web Development, Web Hosting, Web Security, Webflow

How can you ensure that all forms on your site include reCAPTCHA validation, and why is this step important before publishing?

Monday, 19 August 2024 by EITCA Academy

Ensuring that all forms on your site include reCAPTCHA validation is a critical step in the pre-flight site review process before publishing. This measure is vital for enhancing the security and integrity of your website by protecting it from spam and abuse perpetrated by automated bots. This response will elucidate the methods to integrate reCAPTCHA

  • Published in Web Development, EITC/WD/WFCE Webflow CMS and eCommerce, Site launching, Pre-flight site review, Examination review
Tagged under: ReCAPTCHA, Server Optimization, Spam Prevention, User Experience, Web Development, Web Security

How does enabling reCAPTCHA validation in the Webflow CMS contact form reduce spam submissions?

Monday, 19 August 2024 by EITCA Academy

Enabling reCAPTCHA validation in the Webflow CMS contact form significantly mitigates spam submissions by leveraging advanced, automated risk analysis techniques to differentiate between human users and automated bots. reCAPTCHA, developed by Google, is a widely used tool that provides a robust layer of security for web forms, ensuring that submissions are legitimate and reducing the

  • Published in Web Development, EITC/WD/WFCE Webflow CMS and eCommerce, Site building, Contact page: reCAPTCHA setup, Examination review
Tagged under: Google ReCAPTCHA, Machine Learning, Spam Prevention, User Experience, Web Development, Web Security

Why is it important to include both the primary domain and staging domains when registering a site for reCAPTCHA?

Monday, 19 August 2024 by EITCA Academy

In the realm of web development, particularly when utilizing platforms such as Webflow CMS and eCommerce for site building, the integration of security measures like reCAPTCHA on a contact page is paramount. reCAPTCHA, a service provided by Google, is designed to protect websites from spam and abuse by distinguishing between human and automated access. When

  • Published in Web Development, EITC/WD/WFCE Webflow CMS and eCommerce, Site building, Contact page: reCAPTCHA setup, Examination review
Tagged under: Continuous Integration, ReCAPTCHA, Testing Environment, Web Development, Web Security

Does HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) help to protect against protocol downgrade attacks?

Saturday, 22 June 2024 by Acácio Pereira Oliveira

Yes, HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) indeed plays a significant role in protecting against protocol downgrade attacks. To understand the specifics of how HSTS achieves this, it is essential to consider the mechanics of HSTS, the nature of protocol downgrade attacks, and the interaction between the two. HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) HTTP Strict Transport

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/WASF Web Applications Security Fundamentals, Server security, Local HTTP server security
Tagged under: Cybersecurity, HSTS, HTTPS, Protocol Downgrade Attacks, SSL Stripping, Web Security
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EITCA Academy is a part of the European IT Certification framework

The European IT Certification framework has been established in 2008 as a Europe based and vendor independent standard in widely accessible online certification of digital skills and competencies in many areas of professional digital specializations. The EITC framework is governed by the European IT Certification Institute (EITCI), a non-profit certification authority supporting information society growth and bridging the digital skills gap in the EU.
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