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EITCA Academy

EITCA Academy

The European Information Technologies Certification Institute - EITCI ASBL

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EITCI Institute ASBL

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Questions and answers designated by tag: Diffusion

Does diffusion mean, that single bits of ciphertext are influenced by many bits of plaintext?

Thursday, 08 May 2025 by Theresa Sittel

In the field of cryptography, particularly when discussing block ciphers and their modes of operation, the concept of diffusion plays a critical role in ensuring the security and robustness of encryption schemes. Diffusion is one of the two fundamental principles of secure cipher design, the other being confusion, as articulated by Claude Shannon, a pioneering

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, Applications of block ciphers, Modes of operation for block ciphers
Tagged under: AES, Block Ciphers, Cryptography, Cybersecurity, Diffusion, Encryption

Does DES depends on multiple combinations of diffusion and confusion?

Saturday, 10 August 2024 by Emmanuel Udofia

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. It was developed in the early 1970s and was adopted as a federal standard in the United States in 1977. The algorithm is based on a combination of both diffusion and confusion mechanisms, which are essential principles in classical cryptography

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, DES block cipher cryptosystem, Data Encryption Standard (DES) - Encryption
Tagged under: Confusion, Cryptography, Cybersecurity, DES, Diffusion, Encryption

Can permutation be considered as an example of diffusion in a block cipher?

Sunday, 04 August 2024 by Emmanuel Udofia

In the field of cybersecurity, particularly within the domain of classical cryptography and the Data Encryption Standard (DES) block cipher cryptosystem, the concepts of permutation and diffusion play pivotal roles in ensuring the security and robustness of encryption mechanisms. To address the question of whether permutation can be considered an example of diffusion in a

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, DES block cipher cryptosystem, Data Encryption Standard (DES) - Encryption
Tagged under: Block Cipher, Cryptography, Cybersecurity, DES, Diffusion, Permutation

What is the AES MixColumn Sublayer?

Monday, 11 September 2023 by Silvio Pereira

The MixColumn sublayer is a important component of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher cryptosystem. It plays a significant role in achieving the desired level of security by introducing non-linearity into the encryption process. This sublayer involves a non-linear transformation that can be represented by a 4×4 matrix multiplication. To understand the MixColumn sublayer,

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, AES block cipher cryptosystem, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Tagged under: 4x4 Matrix Multiplication, AES, Confusion, Cybersecurity, Diffusion, MixColumn Sublayer, Non-linear Transformation

Explain the significance of the key size and the number of rounds in AES, and how they impact the level of security provided by the algorithm.

Thursday, 03 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely-used symmetric block cipher that provides secure encryption for various applications. The security of AES is influenced by two key factors: the key size and the number of rounds. The key size in AES refers to the length of the secret key used for encryption and decryption. AES

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, AES block cipher cryptosystem, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Examination review
Tagged under: Advanced Encryption Standard, AES, Brute-force Attack, Confusion, Cryptographic Attacks, Cybersecurity, Decryption, Differential Cryptanalysis, Diffusion, Encryption, Key Size, Linear Cryptanalysis, Number Of Rounds, Security, Substitution-permutation Network, Symmetric Block Cipher

What are the main operations performed during each round of the AES algorithm, and how do they contribute to the overall security of the encryption process?

Thursday, 03 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a widely used symmetric block cipher algorithm that plays a important role in ensuring the security of encrypted data. During each round of the AES algorithm, several operations are performed, each serving a specific purpose in enhancing the overall security of the encryption process. The AES algorithm operates on

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, AES block cipher cryptosystem, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Examination review
Tagged under: AddRoundKey, Advanced Encryption Standard, AES, Confusion, Cybersecurity, Diffusion, Key Schedule Algorithm, MixColumns, ShiftRows, SubBytes, Symmetric Block Cipher

How does the AES MixColumns operation utilize Galois Field multiplication to achieve diffusion and confusion in the encryption process?

Thursday, 03 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

The AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) block cipher cryptosystem employs a number of operations to achieve diffusion and confusion, two fundamental properties of modern cryptographic algorithms. One of these operations is the MixColumns transformation, which utilizes Galois Field multiplication to achieve these objectives. In this explanation, we will consider the details of how the MixColumns operation

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, AES block cipher cryptosystem, Introduction to Galois Fields for the AES, Examination review
Tagged under: AES, Confusion, Cybersecurity, Diffusion, Galois Field Multiplication, MixColumns

How does the XOR operation enhance the security of the DES encryption process?

Thursday, 03 August 2023 by EITCA Academy

The XOR operation, also known as exclusive or, plays a important role in enhancing the security of the Data Encryption Standard (DES) encryption process. DES is a widely used block cipher cryptosystem that employs a combination of substitution and permutation operations to encrypt data. XOR is utilized within DES to introduce confusion and diffusion, which

  • Published in Cybersecurity, EITC/IS/CCF Classical Cryptography Fundamentals, DES block cipher cryptosystem, Data Encryption Standard (DES) - Encryption, Examination review
Tagged under: Confusion, Cybersecurity, DES Encryption, Diffusion, Security, XOR Operation
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EITCA Academy is a part of the European IT Certification framework

The European IT Certification framework has been established in 2008 as a Europe based and vendor independent standard in widely accessible online certification of digital skills and competencies in many areas of professional digital specializations. The EITC framework is governed by the European IT Certification Institute (EITCI), a non-profit certification authority supporting information society growth and bridging the digital skills gap in the EU.

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